Organizational Behaviors Specific Business

Question: Talk about the Organizational Behaviors for Specific Business. Answer: Presentation: The job of data in an association can't be overemphasized. It is unnecessary to express that any pioneer in the association is required to accumulate, just as decipher the accessible data so as to break down and assess a particular business circumstance. Be that as it may, how an individual will decipher a specific snippet of data to a great extent relies upon his individual observation process. Observation is characterized as a procedure of deciphering the messages of our faculties vital for giving request and importance to our condition. In an association, right impression of the data accessible is as significant as assortment of the data. Thus, much consideration ought to be taken on part of the administration power to guarantee that the association doesn't need to experience the mutilation of discernment aptitudes of its laborers. The pioneer or the laborers of any association reacts to a specific circumstance, contingent upon how they see the circumstance. On the off chance that they are inadequate with regards to the fitting discernment abilities, they may wind up communicating troublesome perspectives and considerations that are completely adverse to the authoritative achievement. The usually discovered perceptual blunders that may happen in a working environment are Halo Effect, Central Tendency, Recency Effect, and others. These variables not just constrain and mutilate the view of an innovator in an association, yet may likewise make them indiscriminately biased (Gaal and Cohen 2012). Discernment assumes a critical job in the association, as it decides how an individual carries on, spurs, or reacts to the perspectives and thoughts of other individual laborers. Figure 1: Perceptual Process Source: (Overgaard 2014) As it tends to be seen from the above outline, the discernment procedure includes the demonstration of getting improvements, and deciphering a similar which at last prompts the manner in which an individual reacts to a given circumstance. Note that every individual has his own particular manner of observation, and consequently contrasts regularly happen in an association as a result of the distinctions in the disposition of the perceiver, and the genuine circumstance and the apparent person. While an immense number of contrasts can emerge because of distinction in discernment process, and can prompt authoritative clash, it is essential to know probably the most well-known components that restrict and contort the view of the pioneers and workers of an association: Essential Attribution Error is one of the most mainstream mistakes that may happen in an association. Any association comprises of an assortment of individuals, every one having distinctive expertise, capacity and information, and every representative is expected to regard the distinctions that may exist. In any case, it regularly happens that a business chief will in general appointed authority the expert capacity of an individual, totally dependent on a solitary demonstration performed by him. For this situation, the pioneer may get preferential, and may neglect to see and value the shrouded possibility of a representative. It might happen, for instance, that a worker has been as of late confronting a family emergency, or experiencing a genuine medical problem because of which he was unable to perform well in his last venture. The business head as opposed to attempting to comprehend the hidden issue may make a judgment about the expert feebleness of the worker (Fiorre and Lussier 2 015). Particular Perception is the second most basic recognition blunder that happens in an association, whereby the business chief in the vast majority of the cases and even a couple of workers get biased and obstinate about an individual, attributable to his experience, individual life or appearance. This is profoundly fanciful, and can prompt wrong choice, as here the administrator will in general assess and judge a person based on his experience, or past deeds. It might happen that a subordinate has a place with a low financial foundation, but he is adequately experienced and talented to finish an errand. Be that as it may, the administrator may dispose of his aptitude dependent on his biased view on his group and economic wellbeing. Self-serving Bias is the inclination of crediting group accomplishment to ones own abilities, but then accusing the disappointment of a group venture on other individual individuals. This sort of blunder is inconvenient to the development of an association, as here the administrator tends to demotivate the subordinates, and doesn't perceive or commend the subordinates for their bit of commitment, but then accuses them if there should arise an occurrence of disappointment. Generalizing is another exceptionally normal factor that twists the view of the laborers in the association. It is characterized as the inclination to characterize a people abilities and legitimacy, in light of the gathering he has a place with, for example, his race, ethnic network, nationality or sex. Cliché sees, in the greater part of the cases, are unavoidable, regular and negative, and intensely sabotage the probability of the individual from the other gathering. For instance, ladies are seriously thought little of in managerial and corporate employments, in a male overwhelming world. Subsequently, the supervisors inclination to disparage the official capacities of the female workers, can keep him from recruiting, advancing and entrusting large duties to the certified and gifted ladies. So also, the director might be partial that old representatives are dormant or youthful workers are problematic, and subsequently he may pass up on the opportunity of working with some profound ly talented and all around qualified workers (Newheiser and Dovidi 2012). Corona Effect is another significant factor that may likewise prompt the twisting of view of the pioneer or a worker in the association. Because of the Halo Effect, an individual is slanted to think about a bunch of circumstances, in light of which he sums up his idea about another individual (Cyk 2014). In corporate working environments, it regularly happens that an individual representative performs splendidly well in a given assignment, and consequently during the hour of evaluation and advancement, he is elevated to the situation of Vice President. Be that as it may, he may not yet have the essential ability and skill required for executing the job of a Vice President. Once more, departmental misguided judgments may likewise emerge out of Halo Effect. An office in an association may comprise of a couple of awkward representatives, yet this may lead different workers haul down the notoriety of the whole office. For instance, it might happen that the finance bunch in the Accounts D epartment commits errors a few times, yet it will not be right for different workers of the association, to be deluded about the capability and expert ability of the considerable number of representatives of the Accounts division. Recency Effect is an intellectual inclination coming about because of the unbalanced notability of late boosts or perceptions. This Recency Effect happens in an association, when a pioneer recollects and thinks about the ongoing exhibition of his subordinates, and judges his possibility dependent on that. For instance, it might happen that a worker couldn't convey his last errand agreeably, and the group chief or administrator begins losing trust in his ability and doesn't allocate significant undertakings any more. This may demotivate the representative, and subsequently the pioneer ought to assess the probability of any worker dependent on his normal execution consistently. It ought to be recollected that recognition assumes a basic job in an association. In the event that the view of an individual is twisted, he may neglect to welcome the ability of his subordinates, or he may endow a significant obligation to a worker unacceptable for the work. Henceforth, seeing things as they may be, and remaining totally fair-minded is significant for getting the hierarchical achievement. Henceforth, it is significant for the association to make up successful strides in order to forestall this twisting of observation. It ought to be recollected that the people in the legitimate places of an association, are regularly acceptable in nature, yet inferable from the authoritative weight their dynamic procedure gets influenced. Subsequently, they will in general get one-sided and biased, due to their desire to satisfy associates, or to go about as a piece of the group. Nonetheless, in the process they are frequently disposed to execute the blunders of judgment. Keeping i nto thought, the issue of mutilation of recognition, adequate preparing ought to be given to the laborers, with the goal that they can comprehend that what an individual sees on a superficial level may not generally be the truth. The representatives just as the chiefs of the association ought to be prepared to enlarge and grow their domain of center, particularly with respect to the treatment distributed to the collaborators. Prior to judging and assessing the nature, character or the expert fitness of an individual worker, it is profoundly imperative to comprehend his circumstance. A tad of compassion and cautious consideration can comprehend any sort of hierarchical contest that may emerge out of the mutilation of recognition, in an association. Every worker ought to be shown the estimation of resistance whereby he should not pass judgment on another representative dependent on a solitary case. A director must request a clarification, and if fundamental put himself in the spot of the worker, and attempt to break down the circumstance, rather than making arbitrary judgment about him. In the event that the business or different workers consistently have negative impression about a representative, it might debilitate him, and leave him crippled, that thus may influence his profitability. It is critical to be somewhat more suffering and kind, while managing associates and subordinate staffs. On the off chan ce that the whole setting of an individual laborers act can be appropriately comprehended and assessed, at that point it very well may be comprehended that there is consistently a purpose for the horrible activity of every worker (Hoffmann 2016). It is significant for an association to diminish the odds of these perceptual mistakes occurring in an association. For

Family Law Contemporary Issues Free Essays

Family law has been widened in a wide scope of regions that the law administers, as throughout the years the idea of family has been generally expanded because of changes in current society and network principles. Family law administers regions, for example, marriage, family connections, lawful rights and commitments of guardians and kids, reception and the insurance and care of kids inside a family. Be that as it may, over the ongoing years the adjustments in all aspects of family law has given a few changes have been powerful and others show the requirement for law change. We will compose a custom exposition test on Family Law Contemporary Issues or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now This is because of the quick difference in the law and changing social principles, accordingly the law is endeavoring to adjust the rights and enthusiasm of the general public and individual relatives. The legitimate acknowledgment of same sex connections in Australia has significantly developed throughout the years. Same sex connections have handled colossal issues with respect to marriage, separation and property rights. As same sex connections have been rejected from various rights and commitments for instance; the lawful acknowledgment of same sex marriage. The Marriage Act 1965 (Cth) characterizes marriage as ‘the legitimate association of a man and ladies with the rejection of others’. Along these lines same sex marriage is void in Australia even the individuals who have hitched in another nation it will be viewed as an invalid marriage. Having the absence of lawful acknowledgment can have direct outcomes to same sex connections and their families as they are prohibited from the securities and rights that typical hetero couples and families have. This is exhibited in the Young V Australia (1999) case, where a Sydney man was declined for a veteran’s subordinate benefits as he was in an equivalent sex relationship. In this occurrence the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC) decided the Australian government had penetrated the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), as ‘all people are equivalent under the watchful eye of the law. ’ Not just has it penetrated the ICCPR yet it has break the Sex Discrimination Act 1984. Subsequently, this shows how the legitimate framework is inadequate as there is an absence of enforceability concerning the job that the worldwide law plays in Australia. So as to make balance in the legitimate framework for same-sex connections the Australian Human Rights Commission report in 2008 had acquainted changes with the point with furnish same sex couples with indistinguishable qualifications from heteros. The most huge change was the presentation of the Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1999 (NSW). This has permitted true elationships to reserve the option to partition property as found in the Hope and Brown v NIB Health Fund Ltd (1995). For this situation the Equal Opportunity Tribunal had assumed a powerful job as it has demonstrated to be effectively in accomplishing equity and correspondence for same sex connections. It has additionally ensured the multi year old child in which Hope and Brown were currently allowed to give their kid a family strategy f or his future. Along these lines, the changes that have happened in the previous decade have been fruitful as it has given a few rights and commitments towards same sex connections. In NSW 241 300, reports were made about worries of child’s or youthful person’s wellbeing as per the Special Commission of Inquiry into kid insurance administrations NSW. The worry of the security and care of the two youngsters and individual individuals under both the Family Law Act 1975 (Cwth) and the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) is the expanding pace of family disregard, misuse and aggressive behavior at home. This issue is quickly expanding every year as the crime percentage of kids has expanded to 70% of small kids carrying out wrongdoing due to being ignored or mishandled regarding Australian Bureau Statistics (ABS). The administration has made various revisions and changes to the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) e. g. Wrongdoings (Domestic Violence) Amendment Act 1987 (NSW), because of expanded aggressive behavior at home cases inside the local family unit. Throughout the years there have been various situations where relatives have endured abusive behavior at home which has brought about some of them killing their spouses or accomplices, e. g. R v Heather Osland 1996 (VIC). In this manner, the lawful framework has indicated how further alterations and changes can secure individual relatives successfully. However, the administration needs to step up and center around giving more assets and assets to littler associations e. g. Docs. The administration has made the Department of Community Services (DOCs) under the Children Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998. This association secures kids who are enduring maltreatment or disregard. Larger part of the time Docs have supervised incidents’ and have neglected to report any kind of youngster misuse, disregard or abusive behavior at home. As demonstrated as of late in 2012 August 03 in the Sydney Morning Herald (SHM) ‘Abuse Children were overlooked by a government assistance worker’. The Department of Community Services have neglected to shield and keep kids from hurt due to being under resourced and not having the satisfactory assets to ensure kids. The Australian government ought to give proficient assets e. g. having more individuals associated with better wages in ensuring minors. This would thusly be progressively compelling in ensuring youngsters and their privileges. Without this new change in the legitimate framework it will build the quantity of youngsters who are in incredible mischief, as of late found in the media ‘Ebony report’-â€Å"reveals history of Docs neglect†. For singular individuals to have a sense of security and ensured the law has included additional arrangements the Crimes (Domestic Violence) Amendment Act 1982 which changed the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), has included casualties who experience the ill effects of abusive behavior at home reserve the privilege to look for AVO’s. Numerous individuals don't satisfy their duty towards their kids and now and then including a separation inside the family can cause significant clashes and battles on the couple, and in particular the youngster. As the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOSCAR) shows that deficient child rearing is related with kid disregard, somewhat these are the most grounded indicators of adolescent wrongdoing as 36% of youngsters are advised. One of the most genuine of these cases are youngsters having the idea of ending it all. As found in one of the latest cases Merrett and BASS 2013. This shows how the difficult strain between a couple can have on youngster. As a parent they have the obligation to guarantee that their kid gets instruction and to train their youngster. In the re Marion (1991) it exhibits how the kid had no privilege or state in her clinical methodology. In this way, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children (CROC) has not been successful as it has not been endorsed, which along these lines it hasn’t ensured the child’s wellbeing. One of the latest changes to the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1988 (NSW) is that if a kid has overstepped the law e. g. underage drinking or harms on property, the guardians are punished for their child’s activities. Another change that has appeared to inadequate is the presentation of the Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 (Cth), this change includes the equivalent care of the kid. In any case, this isn’t consistently the case as the kid may wind up back with their damaging guardian as found in the Whitehead v Storn. The court framework has appeared to have reacted to numerous issues of various zones of family law in any case, a portion of the endeavors of changes have exhibited to be incapable. The most effective method to refer to Family Law Contemporary Issues, Essays

Spunk Kill and Story Free Essays

What systems can strategy creators utilize to advance fruitful arrangement usage Policies, approach producers and association with history - Essay Example This procedure really includes the interpretation of the destinations of the approach into the framework. It has three essential components which incorporate making obligation or an office who might deal with this new duty. Furthermore, there should be operational principles and rules for the approach program and staff and assets should be facilitated with the goal that the plan of the arrangement is accomplished. Proposition articulation Policy usage is the following stage after selection of a strategy and they represent the deciding moment the arrangement. There will be no impact on society if the approach is rarely executed; anyway this is a mind boggling system that has numerous aspects and elements for progress. Arrangement execution Policies likewise have certain planned and unintended impacts. Expected impacts are those that mean to search out a positive profit by an approach and this could likewise be one of the manners in which that strategies really stay away from the negat ive impacts. That is the reason there is a norm and arrangement creators will consistently contrast their approach against the standard with see whether it is above or underneath the standard. A model could incorporate the approach the State of California executed which prompted the expansion being used of mixture vehicles. The Federal Law gave tax reductions worth $1500 just as extraordinary paths to mixture vehicles which prompted an expansion in the utilization of half and half vehicles and this prompted a beneficial outcome or an expected impact. The legislature made an impact by making a move which was the approach despite the fact that the alternative of ‘high-inhabitance vehicle lanes’ isn't accessible for new half and half vehicles. (Suleiman, 1984) Negative reactions that are not expected are called ‘unintended’ and they are normally on the grounds that strategy making frameworks are generally perplexing. They may set the expense rate so high or so low that this discourages cash from the economy. In this manner the arrangement usage fine brushes the approach activities with the goal that these unintended impacts are dealt with; anyway it is difficult to evacuate the whole negative impacts while execution. (Yates, 1977) Policy making as previously mentioned is where the administration really completes and executes a specific strategy that is received when it is required by the law or something else. The various offices that are liable for the individual approach regions meet up and are given the conventional obligation regarding executing the strategy and this is typically the phase when the bill is not, at this point a bill yet turns into a law. When the legislature has made an open approach, for example, a standard, law, order, resolution or any guideline, the arrangement must be executed and observed, regulated and afterward it ought to be constrained upon society so it achieves the change that strategy creators want it to. The office that is answerable for usage is enabled the ideal assets and to permit the new arrangement to be actualized easily, anyway this is normally not the situation. Be that as it may, for what reason is open approach executed in any case? Open arrangements are executed so that there is some adjustment in the populace with the goal that a specific open issue is settled or if nothing else enhanced at any rate. The difficult will keep on existing until the arrangement is done and once the strategy is actualized, it will be assessed to check whether the outcomes that were wanted are being acquired and further update and implantation can happen. Organizations of organization will do the greater part of crafted by the administration thus they affect the residents of the area and are engaged with approach implementa

Syntesis of (1R,2S)-1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2-butanediol Assignment

Syntesis of (1R,2S)- 1-(m-Bromophenyl)- 3-methyl-1,2-butanediol - Assignment Example Any undertaking that includes blend of natural mixes requires a careful information on manufactured techniques accessible, the response components, the conceivable business beginning materials, apparatuses for breaking down the item, for example, IR, UV, NMR and MS and methods for separation. Bromination of benzene is an electrophilic replacement response, which happens within the sight of aluminum chloride. The response system of this electrophilic replacement response is a two-advance procedure. Stage 1 is a Lewis-base-Lewis corrosive response between bromine particle and benzene. Stage 2 includes the passing of a proton to recover the benzene ring. The bromobenzene framed in the primary stage at that point responds with 3-methyl-2-butenal to shape 1-(m-Bromophenyl)- 3-methyl-2-butenal. Hydration of 1-(m-Bromophenyl)- 3-methyl-2-butenal utilizing water in nearness the of weaken sulfuric corrosive, hydrogen peroxide and warmth gives an enemy of Markovnikov’s item (McMurry

Cheap Writing Service - How to Find the Cheapest Writing Service Provider

Cheap Writing Service - How to Find the Cheapest Writing Service ProviderYou may find it difficult to find cheap custom writing service if you are looking for the cheapest, most reliable and latest in the industry. Custom writing service providers may be costly and require a high fee to be paid. Many customers have started to be hesitant with the use of these service providers because they were afraid of losing their investment due to their recent plunge in the rates.If you look at the services that come along with cheap writing service, it is obvious that these can't deliver their products or services on time, and most likely, the quality is very low, so why would you pay for this? This article will reveal ways on how you can find a cheaper and fast custom writing service provider to produce the very best possible output.The first thing that you need to do when you are looking for the cheapest service provider is to ask around and gather testimonials from others who have been using their services. You need to contact them and ask their opinion about the services offered by different companies and ask for examples of their output and then compare.If you do not know where to find a cheap service provider, you can start by looking at the reviews of other individuals who had earlier used the services of the company. Through research papers, you may also ask the services of different customers who have opted for the company's services to give feedback and feedback about the company's services.Even if you find the cheapest service provider, you must always take into consideration your budget when choosing a company. One of the most basic things you should remember while looking for cheap writing service providers is to understand the type of paper that they are going to produce, because it will help you determine the costs involved in the project.These days, cheap writing service providers have started to offer samples of their published works in order to let the cl ients know what they are going to get from the customer. You may choose to get the cheapest among all the companies offering the same service and through comparison and research papers, you can determine which is the cheapest writing service provider.Always remember that the cheapest writing service provider is the one who offers the best quality output and consistency. Choose a company that ensures fast delivery of the project, shows well thought-out steps, and produces high quality output.

Let it go

â€Å"Let it go† Through out lives it is in our human nature to make mistakes. It is part of our development to make dumb and irrational decisions that later one we use to evolve into a mature creature that won’t make the same mistakes. But sometimes that process of mistake and evolution is interrupted, the flow is constricted and one gets caught up with mistakes that turn into guilt. These mistakes might be irrelevant after some time, but our mind the powerful and deceitful organism that it is, does not let us forget about our mistakes. It creates a bag full of dark and heavy weights called guilt that we have to drag wherever we go, and its heavy weight pulls our self esteem and happiness to underground levels. This bag follows us to the end of the world because the mind won’t let go, it won’t let go of mistakes that are supposed to help us mature, grow wiser and help others. In my personal experience, I have gone through this situation a few times, and one thing that stands out from these sorts of experiences is the deep and intense depression and feelings of guilt that come with them. The level of self acceptance drops down to life time lows, and one cannot get over the fact that one made a terrible decision, and it is hard to forgive one self, because the mind is so powerful that it just won’t let go, instead it chooses to torment us in a way that one never forgets. As we go through this self imposed punishment, because it is self imposed, it is our own minds that make us go through so much pain; we search for a place to find shelter in, because it is almost impossible to go through it by ourselves. My mother plays the biggest role, in what I like to call my â€Å"coming up† process. The â€Å"coming up â€Å"process refers to the process of me coming out of the deep and dark hole of depression. My mom provides a shelter that is undeniable, indestructible and it is always there for me to use. My mom has a ver y special and effective way to make me know deep in my heart that she is there for me, that she cares about her son and she takes me for who I am, with all my mistakes and guilt’s that I work so hard to let go. The fact that my mom’s love for me gets over the fact that I am someone that has made bad decisions that chase me in my mind, makes me come out of my depressions and reach out for happiness. Religion also provides a shelter for me, or something to fall back into when I am feeling alone, I like to think that god, also accepts me in full package, my bad and goods, that he has a plan for me, a plan where I grow old, enjoy the beach, have a family, a business, have grandchildren and die old and wrinkled. But at the end what is it that makes us come out the whole? It is ourselves, we at the end make the decision to want to live, we are the ones that scream out of the top of our lungs for life and satisfaction, to want to have a future and to focus on the many many reasons we have to be happy, instead of focusing in the ideas or memories that repress ourselves and make our lives hideous, depressing, and grey. This is a day to day process and one might have fall backs, or lapses where one seems to fall in to the dark hole again, but all self strength and desire must be drawn out of our souls to keep going because where there is a will there is a way.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 2786 Words

Growing up every child was told that they had inherent rights, but they didn’t comprehend the concept completely until they grew up and were face to face with it. The Declaration of Independence clearly states that every person is endowed with unalienable rights which include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. If every person is allowed these rights then it is in anyone’s right to do what they please in order to achieve happiness. Many people believe that the government is standing in the way of their pursuit of happiness. Every person has something different that gives them happiness which is partially why the government and society don’t see eye to eye. The current laws against drugs and controlled substances such as marijuana†¦show more content†¦President Reagan then set up efforts with the Drug Enforcement Agency, military, and city/state law enforcement to prosecute drug traffickers and intercept supplies (Bartilow 1). The war against marijuana and drugs in general has caused some very upsetting collateral damage in recent decades. Innocent civilians are being murdered because authorities are mistaking them for criminals. For example Anne Rae Dixon an 84 year-old, paraplegic, bed ridden, woman from Texas was shot in the chest and died during a drug raid where authorities were looking for her granddaughter. Authorities were not only out of their jurisdiction but also no drugs or weapons turned up in the raid. The jury surprisingly decided the officer who shot Mrs. Dixon would not be charged with negligence. In the following years many more innocent lives were lost thanks to some incompetently organized drug raids in the next set of years (Balko 1). In Horace Bartilow’s essay on the collateral damage caused by the war against drugs he states how U.S. involvement in drug enforcement escalates the drug related violence. Drugs have been proven to be dangerous but not the deadliest, unlike th e drug war itself. The war is causing people to die because of prohibition, not the war itself. This was has torn apart families, imprisoned many innocent people, and led to the misuse of a lot of U.S. money. Decriminalizing cannabis could benefit America greatly and could take a big

Edmund Gloucester Character Traits - 1309 Words

Edmund Gloucester Character Analysis William Shakespeare’s King Lear is a tragic play about two fathers, King Lear and Gloucester, who are both growing old and in there old age they are taken over and punished by the very children they have raised. One of the main antagonists in the story, Edmund, is Gloucester’s younger bastard son. In the story Edmund, who wants his brother Edgar’s inheritance, devises a plan to pit his father and brother against one another in order to benefit himself. He then begins an ambitious rise to power filled with cunning, cruelty, betrayal, lust, and conflicting interests and emotions. Edmund with his Machiavellian, ruthlessly power hungry, and complex character is one of Shakespeare’s most iconic†¦show more content†¦To thy law My services are bound† (Shakespeare 1.2.1-2). Edmund then writes a fake letter deceiving his father into believing that Edgar is plotting to kill him while simultaneously, deceiving his brother into running away from home a nd staging a fake fight that makes him look like a savior to both his father and his brother, who don’t even suspect a thing. From very early on Edmund demonstrates that he is a master manipulator who can execute not only premeditated plans with ease but also quick witted improvisations as well. Edmund (also) doesn’t mind lying and is very skilled at it, able to string convincing lies together in rapid succession, while evoking convincing emotion to make his deceptions all the more believable. His effectively cold calculations are nothing short of brilliant. In one fell swoop he has managed not only to get his brother’s inheritance, but also to banish his brother, and win the trust and loyalty of his father. But even this will not be enough to satisfy Edmund on his ambitious climb to the very pinnacles of power. In the middle of the play Gloucester decides to help Lear which his daughters and Cornwall have strictly forbidden, but he needs someone to distract Cornwall, so he tells Edmund that he is going to help Lear and also tells himShow MoreRelatedEssay about King Lear - Seven Deadly Sins1206 Words   |  5 Pagestragedy that can occur once humans allow themselves to be taken over by any one of the seven deadly sins. Greed The sin of greed is perfectly exemplified in the character of Edmund. Throughout the play Edmund’s greed is the motivating factor behind all of the decisions that he makes. Edmund, as the illegitimate son of Gloucester plots against his brother in order to obtain his inheritance completely ignoring all familial responsibility in the pursuit of land and money. At the beginning of theRead MoreKing Lear vs the Stone Angel Blindness1504 Words   |  7 Pages(Kingslover) This is a quote that can relate the characters in The Stone Angel and King Lear. In the tragedy King Lear, written by William Shakespeare and in the novel The Stone Angel, written by Margaret Laurence, the term blindness has an entirely different meaning. It is not a physical flaw, but the inability of the characters to use their thoughts and emotions to see a person for whom they truly are. King Lear, Gloucester, and Hagar are prime examples of characters that suffered most by having this flawRead MoreKing Lea r Act 3 Questions Essay2241 Words   |  9 Pagesthey ask Gloucester not to mention Lear’s name in pain of â€Å"perpetual displeasure.† They are concerned with their own well-being and do not care whatsoever for the king. 9. The information that Edmund shares with the audience after his father tells him about the â€Å"dangerous† letter is that although it is against his father’s request, he will tell the duke that Gloucester is going to see the king, which is forbidden. Also, being the selfish and deceitful person as he is, Edmund states thatRead MoreKing Lear Nature Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagesmeanings that have major significance to the theme of the play. Characters speak to it as though it’s a personified entity; they refer to the celestial objects in the heavens above and even to that of animals of the Earth. When the characters speak to nature, they do it as a means of justifying their intentions or previous actions, and also as a means of invoking it in some form. Nature is also used to describe the disposition of a character and the physical world with no spiritual bearing. We see thatRead MoreShakespeare s King Lear Essay : Power Of Honesty1149 Words   |  5 Pag esBritain, as he decides to step down from the throne and divide his kingdom evenly among his three daughters. Lear and a handful of other characters encounter many obstacles throughout the story. This play highlights human nature at its highest and lowest. Characters such as Edmund, Regan, and Goneril illustrate the ugliness and horror of man’s persona. While characters such as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent show the noble, heroic, and moral nature of man. In the beginning, both Goneril and Regan appearRead MoreShakespeares King Lear and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1063 Words   |  4 PagesCordelias character exemplifies perfectly how a good person can still have awful things happen to them. After not confessing her love directly to her father, although she clearly cares deeply for him, Cordelia is disowned by her father, demonstrating how her love did not give her good fortune, and her virtuous honesty did more to harm her than help her. At the same time, the lies that Goneril and Regan tell to Lear gain them just as they desire, control over the kingdom. In a similar fashion, Edmund, theRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1196 Words   |  5 Pagesto this version; how he looks for a motherly figure in his youngest daughter as well. Shakespeare created King Lear to show the battles of a single male parent with his children. The mother of Cordelia, Regan, Goneril, Edmund and Edgar are absent, leaving King Lear and Gloucester having to nurture their kids on their own. King Lears youngest daughter, Cordelia, has been able to bloom as a pure young woman as the rest grow up to be power hungry. At the beginning of the story, King Lears is attemptingRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 Pagesthe concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomes physically blinded by Cornwall which makes him realize the truth about his sons in contrast with King Lear being mentally blinded in result of his lack of insight, understanding, and direction. The characters that helped restored Ki ng Lear and Gloucester’sRead MoreKing Lear Conflict Analysis1109 Words   |  5 Pagesof insincere praise. From then on, there was a great deal of tension between the characters who wanted to take Lear down, and those who would try to protect him with their loyalty. The tension spiraled into a war. Shakespeare intentionally neglects details about the time period of the conflict in order for it to be portrayed as a quarrel between the virtues and vices inside the human mind. Each of the main characters represents either the evil or the goodness that live within Lear as they fight eachRead MoreAnalyzing the Characteristics of Kind Lear Essay4690 Words   |  19 Pagessuffering, Lear has also learned that even he is not above God’s justice. Character Analyses Goneril Goneril is Lear’s eldest daughter. After professing her deep love for her father and receiving half of his kingdom, she betrays him and plots his murder. Goneril’s expressions of love are extreme and reveal the inherent dishonesty of her nature. Goneril reveals her true character when she defies the hierarchy of nature, which calls for daughters to respect and

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William...

Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as Evil Murderers in William Shakespeares Play At the start of this play Macbeth is mentioned by witches which doesn’t give him credibility with the audience, whilst soon after Macbeth is seen as a brave, loyal and trustworthy servant of his king, Duncan. Almost as soon as the play starts, you hear of Macbeth’s bravery; â€Å"Brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name†¦Like Valour’s minion.† But soon after he has his meeting with the witches he is already scheming; â€Å"This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill.† One of the central points of this play is the question of whether or not Macbeth would have become so evil if he had not met the witches. In my opinion Macbeth would have†¦show more content†¦Macbeth even has his best friend murdered, but, uncharacteristically baulks at doing the deed himself and hires others to complete his dirty work for him, which also involves murdering a 10-year-old boy, Banquo’s son. However, the news of the escape of Fleance shakes Macbeth to the core. Later on in the play, Macbeth has Macduff’s entire family murdered out of spite for Macduff, which seems very brutal even by Macbeth’s impressive standards. One thing I did notice to be consistent throughout the play was the deterioration of both Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s mental condition. This all starts about the time of the murder of Duncan, when Macbeth sees a mysterious dagger leading him towards Duncan’s chamber, and becomes even more apparent after the murder of Banquo, when Macbeth sees an apparition of Banquo, covered in blood. This could be his conscience. Lady Macbeth also begins to hallucinate and picture her hands covered in blood whilst she still sleeps. There is a lot of such bloody and violent imagery throughout the play. She eventually dies, although Shakespeare omits to mention how, and we are left to speculate. Macbeth becomes increasingly wild and unpredictable and by the end of the play all but the most faithful to his cause, those too stupid to see its doom, and those too afraid to turn traitor against it have abandoned Macbeth inShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Shakespeares Macbeth and Ru pert Goolds Film Adaptation 954 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s masterpiece, Macbeth, is a tragedy brilliantly brought to the 21st Century by Rupert Goold. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a play set in 16th Century Scotland, Rupert Goold modernizes the play by changing the setting to a Soviet-styled country and implementing modern elements into the characters and theme. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Rupert Goold’s film adaptation share many ideologies and a general storyline, a difference exists in the setting, the characters, andRead MoreLady Macbeth Ambition Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesLady Macbeths own abition is the real driving force behind Macbeths actions Discuss In play Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is one of William Shakespeare’s most dominant and frightening female characters, known for her ambitious nature. As Macbeth’s wife, her role is significant in his rise and fall from royalty. During Shakespearean times, women were regarded as weak insignificant beings that were there to give birth and look beautiful. They were not thought to be as intelligent or equal to men. ThoughRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is the ultimate story of a fight between the forces of good and evil. It tells the tale of a tragic hero whose quest for power leads to his ultimate downfall. Macbeth starts out as an honorable warrior but changes when his ambition becomes uncontrollable. As he becomes increasingly paranoid, Macbeth uses violent means to eliminate threats to his Scottish throne. As the play progresses, blood continuously plays a part in the events as the murders become more frequent. William ShakespeareR ead MoreThe Start of Evil: Lady Macbeth by William Shakespeare1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Start of Evil Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600 century. It is one of Shakespeare’s most well known tragedies, and continues to be studied to this day. It is a dark and gloomy play, as the main character, Macbeth, gets a taste for evil and kills the king of Scotland, King Duncan, in order to become king himself. After this moment there is a rapid increase of evil in him, as he starts to kill more and more people who upset him or are a threat to the throne. One ofRead MoreThe Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth765 Words   |  4 PagesThe Butcher and his Fiend like Queen in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth Introduction At the end of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Malcolm refers to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as: This dead like butcher and his fiend like queen, when he was crowned as new king of Scotland. In Malcolm’s eyes, the Macbeths are just that, cruel murderers who stole away the throne from him and his father. A butcher can be described as someone who kills, or have people killed unnecessarily or brutally. A fiend canRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that a mbition and guilt can haveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples1588 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth The story of Macbeth on a purely literary level could be appreciated as a fantastically dark story teeming with evil and uncertainty and the blind ambition of a blood thirsty warrior. However one would have to merely scratch the surface to discover that it is bursting with periodical references to political and social foundations of Shakespears and James I era. Shakespeares blend of the subliminal political and social references complimentRead More The Dramatic Significance of Act 3 Scene 4 of The Banquet Scene of William Shakespeares Macbeth1669 Words   |  7 PagesBanquet Scene of William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout this scene we can see that both versions have been created to show the best interpretation of the play Macbeth. Polanskis version is more realistic but I feel that it does not show the play in the way in which Shakespeare had intended as this version was created by a film producer who had added extra scenes and changed lines for some of the characters. He also used special effects which made the play more of a viewingRead MoreOlivia Murillo. Mr. Ortiz . English 12. February 27, 2017.1124 Words   |  5 Pages12 February 27, 2017 Comparison of Macbeth and Throne of Blood Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† and the 1957 movie Throne of Blood are similar in the way the power struggles first commence. As the old saying goes, â€Å"behind every great man, there is an even greater woman.† When a man has potential it is usually his partner that is right there beside him, pushing him towards greatness. That is where Asaji and Lady Macbeth’s character comes into the play and movie. Both female characters areRead MoreEssay on Images and Imagery in Macbeth939 Words   |  4 PagesImagery in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness, disorder, mayhem, fear, guilt, and hypocrisy are all important themes carried throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth by the effective use of imagery in reference to ill-fitting clothing, blood, and light verses dark. Imagery in this play tiptoes its way though every scene to create a malevolent atmosphere of shame and false pretenses.    The contrast between light and dark during Macbeth clearly relates to the conflict between good and

Argumentive Essay Against Euthanasia - 599 Words

Euthanasia The mind is a terrible thing to waste, stated by anti-drug commercials. We all will either appreciate or underrate our life based on certain experiences we live through. Many go through dramatic experiences that make life uncomfortable or more strenuous than surrounding patrons do. Religious beliefs often affect the reasoning of decisions and the importance of life. Some people live in a vegetable status since their body is still performing, but their mind is not. The government will not allow their death since it is unconstitutional and deemed as murder. Euthanasia ends a life and is exercised regularly overseas. The immoral act of euthanasia defies humanity and the purpose of life. Some feel euthanasia needs†¦show more content†¦Latest medical research results indicate the possibility that many brain-injured people have more activity in their minds than anyone previously knew. The indecency alone should fulfill a person contemplating euthanasia to be immoral. Accordi ng to Ecclesiastes 8:8 ?There is no man that hath power over the spirit to retain the spirit, neither hath he power in the day of death: and there is no discharge in that war, neither shall wickedness deliver those that are given to it.? 1 Corinthians 6:20 further states ?For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are Gods.? This statement resolves that your life is important and that the future lies in decisions you make and God allows. For the unbelievers the fact of removing yourself from this world defies others? respect and feelings towards you. By allowing voluntary euthanasia, the door will be open for involuntary euthanasia approval. One leading medical ethicist, Professor Richard Hare, said more than twenty years ago, We shall begin by doing it because the patient is in intolerable pain, but we shall end up doing it because it is Friday afternoon and we want to get away for the weekend.? Seeing any type of death except works by God as normal would over time numb society causing life to be less important than some already see it. Many laws pass without the consideration of the future. If euthanasia were legal, other avenues would become legal

Fundamental of Investing Financial Health

Question: Discuss about theFundamental of Investingfor Financial Health. Answer: Introduction Investment is the process of investing money in the financial instruments so that at a certain period the investors can get their desired results. Various kinds of investment instruments or tools fetch different kinds of returns to the investors. Based on the requirement of the returns, the investors invest their money in the suitable investment tool (Elsas, Flannery and Garfinkel 2014). Hence, at the time of investment decision, the investors need to consider many important aspects of investment. This total process is called the investment decision (Xu 2015). The given case is about the process of investment decision of Mr. M. who is a family person aged around 40. Financial Health As per the provided case study, the investment decision is about Mr. M. Mr. M is aged around 40 years. The provided case study states that Mr. M is an employee of a multi-national corporation in United States where he is holding the position of one of the senior managers of the company. He is a married person. His daughter is going to have higher education in Australia for the next four years that will cost SGD 75,000 each year. His wife is currently working is a local logistic firm as an accountant. As per the case study, it can be seen that Mr. Ms job was made redundant due to the bad financial condition of the company. Mr. M sold all of his shares of his company and got SGD1.5 million as per the sale proceeds. He also got SGD 300,000 from his company as per the unemployment benefits. In addition, he has a saving of SGD 200,000. After taking into consideration all the above-discussed amounts, Mr. M has a fund of SGD 2 millions in his hand. As per the other information, Mr. M has en ough insurance for medical and long-term disability and premature death for his entire family. For the purpose of investment decision of Mr. M, it is needed to assess the current financial position of him. It is assumed, Mr. M will be able to find a well-paying job after his former job. Hence, it can be observed that the he will not have any problem in managing his daily financial obligations. One of his major long-term financial obligations is to arrange the fees for his daughters higher education. He wants to invest his money in such a way that he can meet any major future financial obligation. He has done enough insurance policies to secure the future of his familys health. On the other hand, he has his own house. From this statement, it can be understood that Mr. M does not want to take risk with his life as well as money. He does not need much liquidity as he can be able to find a good job. Hence, it can be said that the main objective of his investment is to provide the fees of higher education of his daughter. In addition, he wants to keep the whole amount of money for his family. These are the main investment objective of Mr. M. Analysis of the Proposals As per the provided case study, two investment proposals are there in the case study. Both the proposals are analyzed and evaluated below as per the investment requirement of Mr. M. Proposal 1 The first investment proposal has come from Ms. Angela, senior Marketing Director of Awesome Energy Private Limited (AEPL). As per their investment scheme, one can invest his money for a time of 3 month and the company is offering an interest rate of 3% on every three months. The company use to invest the money of the investors in the oil fields and gas reservations. This is a field where the investors will certainly get their desired returns, as there is a minimum amount of risk is involved. This particular investment proposal has many advantages over the disadvantages. The first advantage is that the investors can get the principle money along with interest at the end of every three months. Second, it is not mandatory to reinvest the money after each maturity. Second, there is minimum risk involve in this investment process as the money is invested in government sector. Last but not the list, the investors can visit the oil and gas site to see the progress of the project. There is not any currency risk in the total process. There is not any major risk involved in this investment process (Harris et al. 2016). Proposal 2 The second investment proposal came from Mr. Benjamin, the senior vice president of Evergrow Worldwide Bank Ltd (EWB). Mr. Benjamin suggested Mr. M to invest his total amount of money through a discretionary investment management account. Discretionary investment management refers to the investment process where a portfolio manager or a fund manager manages the fund of investors. As per this investment proposal, the money of Mr. M is to be invested in foreign currencies, local stocks, bonds, US, and EU foreign stocks. The weight will be 10%, 40%, 10% and 40%. However, this weight can be altered as per the requirement of Mr. M. In this proposal, there are major risks involved. All the components of this proposal except the bond are of subjected to high market risk. One cannot guarantee fixed amount of return in this investment proposal. On the other hand, the minimum amount that needs to be invested in this proposal is SGD 1 million (Lamminen et al. 2015). The following graph shows the risk and return factors in discretionary investment account: Figure 1: Risk and Return factors (Source: Downes and Goodman 2014) The following figure shows the risk and return hierarchy in portfolio investment Figure 2: Risk and Return Hierarchy (Source: Hull 2014) Recommendations The above discussion sheds light on the merits, demerits and risks involved in the mentioned investment proposal. As per the financial situation and requirement of Mr. M, the investment proposal from Ms. Angela is recommended for Mr. M. There are reasons behind this recommendation. First, if Mr. M invests his money for at least one year in the investment scheme of AEPL, the higher education fees of his daughter will be arranged with ease. By investing 2 million for one year, he will get SGD 60,000 after three months. In this way, he will get SGD 240,000 in one year. Mr. M will have a lot of money left in his hand even after paying the fees of his daughters education. With the extra money in hand, he can start his own business. One of the most important reasons for this recommendation is that Mr. M does not want to invest his money in banks, bonds, stocks, annuities and others as there is a lot of risk involved. Mr. M wants a guaranteed return at the end of certain period with his pri nciple money safe. These are the reasons for recommending this particular proposal to Mr. M. This particular investment proposal is recommended to Mr. M because there is almost zero risk in this process. At the end of every three months in a year, he is assured to get the interest amount along with the principle amount. On the other hand, he has no need to take any kind of additional actions to mitigate the risks involved in the investment process. Hence, it can be said that there is not much uncertainties over this particular investment process. This particular investment scheme is the trailer-made plan for Mr. M where he does not has to face any kinds of uncertainty over the payment of interests sand principle amount. References Downes, J. and Goodman, J., 2014.Dictionary of finance and investment terms. Barron's educational series. Elsas, R., Flannery, M.J. and Garfinkel, J.A., 2014. Financing major investments: information about capital structure decisions.Review of Finance,18(4), pp.1341-1386. Harris, E.P., Harris, E.P., Northcott, D., Northcott, D., Elmassri, M.M., Elmassri, M.M., Huikku, J. and Huikku, J., 2016. Theorising strategic investment decision-making using strong structuration theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,29(7), pp.1177-1203. Hull, J.C., 2014.The evaluation of risk in business investment. Elsevier. Lamminen, J., Forsvik, H., Voipio, V. and Lehtonen, L., 2015. Decision making process for clinical it investments in a public health care organizationcontingency approach to support the investment decision process.Finnish Journal of eHealth and eWelfare,7(2-3), pp.122-134. Xu, Z., 2015.Uncertain multi-attribute decision making: Methods and applications. Springer.

The Persistence of Stereotyping-.com

Question: Discuss howstereotypes regarding Indigenous Australians circulate in a particular public space or institutional site and consider how suchrepresentations reproduce inequality. Answer: Introduction: Even though the Indigenous and Aboriginal people of Australia share a rich contribution in the development of complicated history of Australia, it can be seen that the existence of certain prejudices and stereotypes cannot be ignored. While the judicial structure of Australia advocates equal treatment of aboriginal and non-aboriginal citizens; if certain evidences are taken into consideration, it can be observed that underlying inequality is persistent (Sharifian, 2014). Hence, in this specific assignment, the unequal treatment of the aboriginal and indigenous Australians by the legal structure will be explained by focusing on the role of stereotypes that enhances the generation of inequality faced by the aboriginals. Analysis: It can be considered as a long running view that racial discrimination in the judicial system is prevalent. It has been a popular topic of discussion that the indigenous individuals are subjected to unfair sentence due to the underlying racism and prejudiced stereotypes held by the members of judicial systems (Bennett, 2014). The inference has been derived on the basis of the research which was conducted by the University of Technology in Sydney (Hollinsworth, 2016). On the basis of the interview of judicial officers and lawyers in New South Wales and Victoria, it was observed that the officers and the judicial members are driven by certain stereotypes that direct their decisions. It is considered that the individuals belonging from the indigenous communities are more likely to get engaged in offences like drug dealing and other regressive activities (Gibbons, 2014). Hence, irrespective of the fact that the legal framework of the Australian judiciary stating equal treatment, the biasness in the decisions of the judges and their attitudes towards the indigenous community is different from that of the non-indigenous people, who are considered to be more civilized and cultured. It can be said that one of the major reasons behind the existing stereotype is the cultural differences prevalent. By taking evidences into consideration, it can be seen that the important positions in the legal systems are generally held by individuals coming from the non aboriginal communities (Rudin, 2016). One of the major reasons behind the same can considered to be the lack of appropriate educational opportunities for the communities. While certain rate of literacy is required to hold high ranks in the legislative systems, it can be seen that the percentage of the aboriginal adults considered to be functionally illiterate is as high as 45-60% (Bielefeld, 2014). Hence, the lack of deeper understanding of the cultures prevalent in the aboriginal and indigenous communities is one of the major contributors towards the stereotypical conceptions of the officials and decision makers in the judicial sector (Short, 2016). The issues in the community are not appropriately understood by the judges and prosecutors that work against the aboriginals. Due to the stereotypes regarding their upbringings, they remain a neglected part of the society, leading to increasing amount of alienation from their side (Hollinsworth, 2016). Hence, it can be said that the gap among the decision of judicial structure regarding the indigenous and non-indigenous remain stagnant. On the basis of the records of Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, it can be seen that despite being only 3% of the total population of Australia, the prison population of the indigenous communities comprise almost a quarter of the total prison population (Rudin, 2016). It can be assumed that the unfair treatment and sentence of the individuals is one of the major reasons behind this stark contrast. Hence, it can be said that the stereotypes prevalent regarding the Indigenous and Aboriginal communities are one of the major reasons behind the discrimination in the judicial systems in Australia. Conclusion: The evidences reflect that the stereotypes relating to the indigenous people contribute towards the inequality in legal systems. In order to ensure that the same is kept in check, an in-depth knowledge regarding the cultures as such can be helpful. Thus, the existing gaps can be properly tackled. Reference List: Bennett, B., 2014. How do light-skinned Aboriginal Australians experience racism?: Implications for social work.AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples,10(2), pp.180-192. Bielefeld, S., 2014. Compulsory income management and Indigenous Australians: Delivering social justice or furthering colonial domination?.Browser Download This Paper. Gibbons, J., 2014.Language and the Law. Routledge. Hollinsworth, D., 2016. Unsettling Australian settler supremacy: combating resistance in university Aboriginal studies.Race ethnicity and education,19(2), pp.412-432. Rudin, J., 2016. Aboriginal peoples and the criminal justice system. Sharifian, F., 2014. Conceptual metaphor in intercultural communication between speakers of Aboriginal English and Australian English.Metaphor and intercultural communication, pp.117-129. Short, D., 2016.Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge.

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essay Example

Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management Activity A Question 1 Primarily, performance management is executed in a repetitive process. This process is normally employed by organizations with a view of helping them accomplish the set goals as stipulated by the organization’s statement. This is achieved by raising the performance of the entire organization, a particular team, or an individual. This is considered an effective means of achieving the set objectives. Performance management is a fundamental part of an organizations full approach on managing its staff and activities. As a section of the system of performance management, the process of performance management is designed at achieving a number of objectives. This may include enabling each of the staff members to have an idea of what is expected from them in terms of both output and the appropriate style of behavior (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 65). Another purpose of the performance management involves ensuring that the business objective has been accomplished and increasing the employees’ strength. It also works to allow the organization to examine the staff’s capability and plan for the staff’s succession. Accomplishing the objectives of any business should be considered an essential aspect of any organizations survival. If the business objectives are to be accomplished, it is necessary for the upper management to take the initiative rather than communicating to the staff. After the staff has been informed of the objectives, there should be need to measure, appraise, action planning and monitoring. Nevertheless, the process of performance management incorporates the objectives of the organization from the beginning to the end. With a view of increasing the employee’s strength, it first has to be measured (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 97). This strength is normally increased by reward and motivation. Motivation can be achieved through developing reward strategies and challenging work procedures. Usually, the design of the performance management process is fostered to assist employees in learning essential skills and information expected to bring constant growth to the company . Question 2 An efficient performance management system needs to exhibit the following components. These include setting up objectives that stipulate a clarified view of what the job expects. Another component requires an adequate means of determining performance of the organization. This should be set to establish whether the organization is operating according to its set standards or not. The system should also be able to identify the organization’s strengths. This component should be able identify improvement areas, thus seeking joint agreement on the proper action plans. From this point, the system can be used to advice on the necessary steps needed to improve performance (Ohemeng, 84). Finally, the system should have a component based on job training. This is based on development activities such as coaching and rewards for exemplary performances. Question 3 Motivation revolves around what people are made to think, behave or act in a certain way. The relationship between motivation and performance management is not complicated to understand. For instance, it is correct to state that highly motivated employees will offer better performance. Therefore, greater motivation leads to a sense of better performance. The theories that follow below offer both insight and advice on how people make working choices based on available rewards, individual preferences, and perceived outcomes of their work. The reinforcement theory is centered on the law of effect by E.L Thorndike and gives a description of how behavior and consequences relate. This theory shifts its focus on the modification of an employee’s behavior while working through appropriate employment of certain techniques (Rantapuska, 157). The other theory is referred to as the goal setting theory that was introduced by Edwin Locke in the 60s. This theory suggests that goal oriented intentions are major sources pf motivation. In essence, goals direct employees on what they need to do and the amount of effort they should input. Primarily, the theory states the level of performance rises as the goals become more difficult. Question 4 One factor to be taken into consideration when managing performance includes the level of skill. In this case, there is need to train managers with the necessary skill thus making them able to manage employees. The other factor involves relevance. In this case, it is necessary to analyze employees whose output does not affect the overall performance of the organization. Once identified, they have to be laid off. The third factor rests with identifying what component to evaluate (Ohemeng, 105). This involves proper identification of the components that relate to the organization’s performance and fine-tuning the identified component. The fourth factor the organization’s rules and regulations. This factor stipulates how staff and activities within the organization are to be conducted to promote maximum performance. Activity B Question 1 The major purpose of rewarding employees in an organization involves retaining, motivating employees, and reducing turnover. It is common fact that human resource is the most fundamental asset in an organization. Therefore, it is fundamental to make sure that this asset is working at optimum efficiency. In this case, human resource is a unique one with characteristic emotions. The output of this resource is subject to emotions. When an employee feels appreciated, he or she is consequently motivated to perform better (Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van, 72). On the other hand, other employees are bound to feel challenged should they witness they colleague being rewarded. Ultimately, their working performance will improve. Question 2 One component of a total rewarding system is that it should be non-financial. In this case, the entire reward system includes numerous tools at the management’s exhaust. These tools can be used for the attraction, motivation, and retention of employees. From the point of view of an employee, rewards are a representation of what he or she sees of value from the employment relationship. The concept of reward covers both non-financial and financial pay. The components of a total reward system include – Compensation. This component plays a critical role in the system and this includes the basic pay system (monthly or annual salary rate) and incentive or variable pay systems (Seaman, 45). Benefits are the other component and are used to supplement money compensation received by the employees. Benefits are often designed to safeguard the employee and his or her family from financial risks. Examples of such benefits are life insurance, social insurance, medical insurance, savings scheme, company car, clean-up time, vacations, breaks and gym membership just to name a few. The third component of the total reward system stands with work life. In this component, the following aspects of rewarding are included: health and wellbeing, workplace flexibility, financial support, caring for dependents, community involvement, and culture change intervention. Performance plays a major role at achieving organization objectives. Ultimately, this involves aligning the individual, team, and organizational efforts aimed at achieving the business goals as well as the organizational success. This kind of recognition acknowledges and pays attention to the efforts, action, performance, or behavior of an employee. However, it is good to note that this kind of recognition can be non-financial or financial (e.g.certificates, tickets, verbal recognition, dinners, est.) Development and career opportunity is another component of the total reward system. This component includes learning opportunities such as seminars, tuition, seminars, corporate universities, and conference attendance (Seaman, 78). It may as well include coaching and mentoring roles such as leadership training, exposure to experts and association memberships. Question 3 Gathering information regarding performance from a number of sources ultimately raises objectivity and makes sure that all factors influencing performance are taken into consideration. This sort of information is supposed to include objective data such as call records, sales reports, and deadline reports. Other sources of valuable information may be sourced from feedback from others, personal observation results, documenting on going dialogue, keeping records of any environmental or external factors that can influence the performance. As well, much review can also include the self-evaluation of an employee. Other documents that can assist in the definition of performance objectives include objectives from the organization’s departments, past performance appraisals, and documented standards stipulating career goals. With a view of gathering feedback from the organization’s employees, the management should tend to employ the 360 degrees process of feedback. Along with completing the self-assessment, selected peers, managers, and subordinates are required to post feedback concerning pre-identified areas (Wigley, 71). This feedback should be based upon specific and identified competencies and skills (Tjosvold, Dean, and Mary, 89). Consequently, the final results are compared with the self-assessment resulted posted by the employees. In this case, this kind of feedback raises self-awareness. In other cases, this feedback is used for supporting the process of performance evaluation. Activity C Office Move Salma Al-Rayaan has made exceptional strides since her appointment as the Office Manager. It is therefore crucial that an assessment of her role be made in order to determine her future performance in the organization. The office move was handled efficiently, bringing about a smooth transition in the working of the people. Despite a few hiccups along the way, Salma’s role was pivotal as she kept the management abreast of all information pertaining to the move in a timely manner. Receptionists Despite her educational achievements, Salma still struggles to deal with the coordination of the receptionist team. The flow of information in this department is still wanting and an urgent intervention is required in order to streamline the workings of the team. It would be my recommendation that Salma gets more involved with the team and ensures that, with experience, she will make further strides into handling the receptionists. HR Work Salma’s achievements in this area are noteworthy, with the highlights of her prowess including a more efficient expense-checking system that reduces the time and possible errors of the process. Her computerization of the process is also noteworthy, as it has also reduced the amount of physical paperwork that is needed for recording of information in the department. This is commendable and her enthusiasm in the process should be extended to her other areas of expertise in order to increase the efficiency of the entire organization. PA Work Salma’s willingness to extend a helping hand is perfect to a fault. She has been noted as being always available when help is needed, and she will work diligently to achieve what is required of her. However, she seems to struggle with prioritizing the necessity of her actions. This becomes limiting as urgent workloads are always accomplished at the last minute. This increases the possibility for errors as the work is not done with the sufficiency that is demanded of the workforce. Therefore, the main recommendation would be that Salma should learn to prioritize her urgent affairs in order to ensure that her determination to help others does not limit the efficiency of her overall output. Despite the limitations that have been noted, Salma is a good fit for the company and she should excel if she makes a note of the recommendations that are outlined above. The meeting for the assessment should be in line with the areas noted above, with each noted and dealt with individually. Her objectives for the next calendar year are to make improvements to the areas that are noted to be lacking as well as her roles in more areas of the organization. Works Cited Camilleri, Emanuel, and Der Van. â€Å"Organizational Commitment, Public Service Motivation, and Performance Within the Public Sector.† Public Performance Management Review. 31.2 (2007): 241-274. Print. Burman, Ryan. The Role of Performance Appraisal in Strategic Human Resources Management. 2009. Print. Ochurub, Michael, Mark Bussin, and Xenia Goosen. â€Å"Organizational Readiness for Introducing a Performance Management System: Original Research.† Sa Journal of Human Resource Management. 10.1 (2012): 1-11. Print. Ohemeng, Frank L. K. â€Å"Institutionalizing the Performance Management System in Public Organizations.† Public Performance Management Review. 34.4 (2011): 467-488. Print. Rantapuska, Torsti. Motivation Structure of End-User Application Developers in Organizational Learning. Tampere, Finland: University of Tampere, Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences, 2002. Print. Seaman, Brendan. A Critical Analysis of Factors That Influence Employee Work Performance. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2010. Print. Tjosvold, Dean, and Mary M. Tjosvold. Psychology for Leaders: Using Motivation, Conflict, and Power to Manage More Effectively. New York: J. Wiley, 2005. Print. Wigley, D. â€Å"Performance Review, Motivation and Organizational Culture.† Health Services Management. 85.6 (2009): 252-5. Print

Sample Essay - Passion For Humanity and Service to Mankind

Sample Essay - Passion For Humanity and Service to MankindA sample essay should first of all be an expression of the student's love for humanity and service to mankind. It should have all the elements of good writing in it, especially passion for humanity and service to mankind.It should be well-written and should not only fit into the school syllabus, but also fit the student's personal style of writing. The style of writing used in this case should not be too academic and for students in high school.A sample essay should also have something to do with the subject on which it is written. That is, students should realize that it is a sample essay and that the essay has been written before as a practice for someone else to write a real essay about the same subject.The original concept of the essay can be the book or other material that was written on that topic. A school provides samples of what their students will write about during their school years.As a student, one should write a sample essay from a topic that interests him or her most. If it is a reading assignment, write about the book or material on which the assignment is based on.This method of writing a sample essay can be very helpful because it will help students develop their ability to do writing well. A student can also do this in an informal manner, making use of various Internet resources and word processing software to write the essay.A sample essay, however, should not be too personal or too impersonal. Students must remember that they are writing a composition and not giving an autobiography.Any student who writes a sample essay can put his or her own personal opinions on the essay and then speak about them to help others improve their own writing skills. A student can find his or her writing style through this process and use this approach to improve the quality of his or her writing, hopefully improving his or her chances of being hired for a job.

Is it more useful to analyse Scarface (1932), Scarface (1983) and Goodfellas (1990) as genre films Essay Example

Is it more useful to analyse Scarface (1932), Scarface (1983) and Goodfellas (1990) as genre films Essay Example Is it more useful to analyse Scarface (1932), Scarface (1983) and Goodfellas (1990) as genre films Paper Is it more useful to analyse Scarface (1932), Scarface (1983) and Goodfellas (1990) as genre films Paper Essay Topic: Film Shane The Gangster film has always struggled to maintain a precarious balance; to portray the Gangster as a charismatic and crowd-pleasing character, at the expense of his eventual demise for the social good. The Gangster, as Robert Warshow puts it, is a quintessential tragic hero, a character whose very nature and deeds ultimately condemn them to a short and fruitless existence, outside of the boundaries of normal society. The Gangsters place within cinema is an important one, and the genre has now developed to a point of sophistication far beyond the flailing reach of the petty criminals on which it was based. In this essay I intend to examine exactly how the Gangster genre has changed and developed during its 90 year life span. There are a number of ways in which to go about this, although I will be focusing on four in particular; where the genre came from, the mythology surrounding its protagonists, the development of the genre as a whole (both aesthetically and psychologically), and the film-makers instrumental in this development. This approach, then, will obviously require references to both genre and auteur theory, and so I will establish how these two theories can coexist to develop and redefine a genre. To do this I will draw on much critical debate surrounding genre, as well as referring to specific examples from celebrated and diverse filmmakers and auteurs, such as Martin Scorsese, Howard Hawks and Brian De Palma. Firstly, who is the Gangster, and what allows him to exist? The Gangster genre has had a different development to many of the other staple genres of the studio system. Thomas Schatz, in his seminal book Hollywood Genres, identifies that the other genres being developed concurrently to the Gangster had in fact either been translated from literary formats, or had developed from an already established mythology within American society (the Western is a prime example of both). Conversely, the Gangster film, rather than dealing with modern sentimentality or attempting to rewrite history, was lifted straight out of the newspaper headlines. Schatz, 1981, p. 82) The passing of the vastly unpopular prohibition act in 1919 gave rise to enormous public demand for alcohol, something which many American immigrants and ambitious workers were only too pleased to fulfil. Thus the Gangsters of Americas cities rose to wealth and power by bootlegging quickly produced alcohol, and then distributing to or selling it in the secretive speakeasys, often their own. These Gangsters made great press. The tabloids glorified the enigmatic social rebels and their vertically integrated industry day after day, until criminals such as Al Capone and Hymie Weiss became legendary for their decadent lifestyles and thinly veiled abuse of the system. The Gangster became an inverted hero, a twisted, parasitic advocate of the American Dream that people respected, admired and feared. Thus the mythology of the Gangster was born. D. W. Griffiths (perhaps Hollywoods original auteur) laid the template for the Gangster film with The Musketeers of Pig Alley in 1913. However, it was not until the introduction of cinematic sound in 1927 that the Gangster film became a mainstream genre. The first talking Gangster film, Lights of New York (1928), introduced the Gangster protagonist as he would remain for the duration of the genres Classic period; a charismatic, ambitious underdog whose aspirations consume him, to the point that he kills his friends and his boss, and so must suffer death for his deviance from the social norm. The films that followed invariably portrayed the Gangster in this way, and always depicted him as a social outcast, by way of his foreign status, fatherless upbringing or his role as a disillusioned war veteran. These characters were popular with the audience for a number of reasons. A public disgruntled with prohibition laws, the depression and a bleaker view of the American dream than they once had held found it easy to relate to these ambitious working class heroes. It was also comforting to know that a major institution such as Hollywood was on the same wavelength as themselves, and could point out the intrinsic flaws in the state system. Hollywood product during the post-depression era certainly emphasised this, with films such as The Public Enemy (1931), Scarface (1932) and Angels with dirty faces (1938) all showing the Gangster as being as much a victim of American society as an exploiter of it. The Gangster genre, as I have said, did not have any substantial literary foundation to draw from, and so the genre was initially constructed of an amalgam of literary, journalistic and filmic references. Perhaps though, the most obvious source of inspiration for the Gangster genre was that of the Western. In terms of the setting, the iconography and the structure of the Gangsters society, it seems at first that the two are not very closely related. However, if one is to look beyond the exterior of a Gangster film, many similarities can be identified between the two. For example, both perfectly fit the genre of order suggested by Schatz, as well as readily conforming to Mcconnells genre cycle. This goes further than to prove that they are just formulaic productions of the studio system. If one is to closely examine the various Western heroes that have developed during that genres evolution, it is easy to draw parallels between these characters and the Gangster. The Gangster is a social outcast, relying on his gun and his wits to get him out of trouble. He provides a service to the community (albeit it not a legitimate one) and depends upon that very society for his existence, although he can never be a part of it. Consequently his demise is as inevitable as that of the Western hero, he must either die or ride off into the sunset, as he has performed his duty and now cannot settle into society as he would like (a theme particularly emphasised in some of the more unorthodox Gangster films, such as Brian De Palmas 1993 film Carlitos Way). Thus the Gangster contains elements found in many Western protagonists, the parasitic, violent impulses of the Man With No Name, or the ability to simultaneously crave, protect and shun family values as Shane did, for example. The films deal with different settings and iconography, although the themes remain similar. Whereas the Western hero struggles to transform desert into garden, in the Gangsters world the garden has developed a life of its own and overgrown into the untameable urban jungle, nurturing and subsequently destroying the characters it produces. Therefore, it is true that both the Gangster and the Westerner are a victim of their own environment, and both of them must be banished or destroyed in order to repay their debt to society. The fact that the gun is feared and respected within both genres as the method of entry into the protagonists profession is significant, as the gun also provides the exit from the narrative. The gun is the most important artefact within the genre. It gives raw, masculine power to those who use it, but only at the ultimate price. The Gangster, like the Westerner before him, is inevitably doomed. This brings us to the next stage of our analysis, which filmmakers are responsible for creating such a socially deviant, yet likeable, character? French film critics writing in the Cahiers du cini ma in the late 1950s collectively developed a new theory regarding the construction and internal authorship of Hollywood cinema, which they labelled the politique des auteurs. This politique broke away from the previous theories of filmmaking as a collaborative process, and instead identified one artist as the creator (or author) of the film the Director. They began to identify filmmakers such as John Ford and Howard Hawks, whom had been working during the days of the studio system, and argued that the films of these directors had a distinctive personal style that surpassed the limitations of the factory style of production. American film critic Andrew Sarris was at the vanguard of the English language auteur arguments, and stated that D. W. Griffith had already delineated every Hollywood genre by 1915, The debt that all filmmakers owe to D. W. Griffith defies calculation. Even before The Birth of a Nation, he had managed to synthesize the dramatic and documentary elements of the modern feature film. He effectively argued, then, that the history of cinema could be attributed to a few great men, otherwise known as the auteurs. (The Cinema Book, 1999, p. 2 57) The Gangster film is no exception to this, and this is a genre undoubtedly overrun with auteur directors. The Gangster genre is attractive to many visionary filmmakers for a number of reasons. Firstly, whereas the Classic cycle of the Gangster genre was prematurely shortened with the introduction of a stricter censorship regime, the opposite is now true, with filmmakers allowed unprecedented freedom since the changes in classificatory and self-regulatory laws introduced in the 1960s. This allows modern filmmakers to capitalise on what had been previously forbidden graphic portrayals of sex, drugs and violence that emphasise the level of excess by which the Gangster lives. Secondly, the Gangster genre has always consisted of a highly stylised and overtly character-driven formula, which gives the filmmaker freedom to produce a highly complex psychological portrait of the American criminal. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the Gangster film has always been intrinsically American in nature stemming from the genres portrayal of the protagonists search for the American dream, and how the unreality of that dream leads to corruption. This gives the filmmaker an almost unparalleled opportunity to cross-examine contemporary American society, and in the process weave an intricate web of corruption and violence that encompasses every part of that society. This cynical and depressing examination is not even possible in that most American of genres, the Western, which is limited by the constraints of rewriting history in an ideologically correct manner. Therefore, the Gangster genre and the Western can be viewed as one. Whilst the Western establishes the American dream and the difficult urbanization of the wilderness, the Gangster acts as an extension of this, with a new breed of cowboy and a new ideological struggle as a result that of trying to maintain the dubious social order that that has risen from the ashes of so many Western heroes. Hence the Gangster can be seen as the most important of Hollywood genres, one in which the filmmaker can lay bare both the foundations and the present condition of American society, and criticise it in a detached manner. It is, then, a genre that encompasses every aspect of America, from flag-waving patriotism to hard-hearted cynicism, and in the process uncovers corruption at every turn. This rich and intriguing subject matter can therefore make for compulsive viewing, and so the genre has attracted a multitude of talented and influential auteurs as a result. Scarface: The Shame of the Nation was directed by Howard Hawks and produced by Howard Hughes, and released in 1932. The Hawks/Hughes partnership was a particularly fertile one, and the two collaborated on many projects during the era of the studio system. This is interesting, as it immediately questions the validity of the directors auteur status, due to the fact that much of the productions raw and violent nature was directly down to Hughes. The film was actually finished in 1930, but due to censorship issues with the (then) MPPDA, the film was only released after two years of lengthy court battles regarding the remorseless moral standpoint of the film, which Hughes, incidentally, won. Despite this however, it is undoubtedly true that Howard Hawks maintained a distinctive artistic style whilst working within the constraints of the studio system, but does this mean that it is more appropriate to consider Scarface as such a production? Scarface is certainly recognisable as one of the very few landmark Gangster films from the Classic stage of the genres cycle. The film is notable in that its main protagonist, Tony Camonte (Paul Muni), shows no remorse for what he has done to achieve his decadent lifestyle. Not only this, but his status as Gangster is not depicted in the same way as characters played by James Cagney or Edward G. Robinson. Schatz mentions that, Munis Scarface is not clearly superior in courage and intelligence to rival his own henchmen. In fact, his rise to power seems somewhat arbitrary, due primarily to the fact that Camonte was among the first gangsters in the city to procure a machine gun, that new innovation in the technology of urban warfare. (Schatz, 1981, p. 91) This seems to indicate that, even though Scarface was among the first of the Classic Gangster films, Hawks was already toying with the psyche of the protagonist. Whereas other Classic Gangster films (such as Little Caesar and The Public Enemy) have a clearly deliniated rise and fall structure, Camonte is in fact at the top of his game when he is destroyed, and his fall is precipitated by the events of a single night. Therefore, it appears that Hawks is attempting to build on and consolidate the mythology of the Gangster, with overt references to the Live fast, Die young existence and the inevitable descent into the gutter of the Gangster protagonist. If this is the way in which an auteur may be defined, then George Stevens is undoubtedly deserving of the same status for his similar attempt at consolidating the mythology of the Western hero in Shane (1953). If not, then we must identify other characteristics that distinguish a Hawks film from other directors working during the same period, such as Mervin LeRoy (Little Caesar) and William Wellman (The Public Enemy). Scarface is certainly an interesting film, in that it confronts both the cinematic taboos at the time of its production (such as its explicit violence), as well as exploring the motives and ethics of the Gangster protagonist. This, then, is undoubtedly the scriptwriter of the films premise as much as the directors. Ben Hecht, an ex-journalist whom would obviously have had an intricate knowledge of the Gangsters of New York and their lifestyles, penned the script for Scarface. Hecht was renowned for his loaded dialogue and intense psychological characterisation, and so much of the credit for making Scarface a distinctive Gangster film must obviously go to him. If this is the case then it is true that Hawks is a distinctive director, but that Scarface is more accurately seen as the product of a trio of influential filmmakers, Hecht the scriptwriter, Hughes the producer and Hawks the director. Many filmmakers have been labelled as auteur during the course of cinema, but few have produced, written and directed their own films entirely self sufficiently. Even directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Frank Capra, two who have attained the directorial Holy Grail in cinema, their name above the title, have failed to direct a film entirely on their own without artistic input from their writers or producers. Therefore, I suggest that the lone director needs his gang as much as the urban lone wolf needs theirs. The authorship of a film consists of a trio of roles, and it is rare indeed that one filmmaker can perform all three. Hence the auteur theory is flawed, but not so much that it cannot help us to identify a more deviant and intellectually challenging filmmaker. Therefore, I will identify whether the two remaining directors, Scorsese and De Palma, both working in similar genres during the same timeframe, can be classified as auteurs, both in Sarris sense of the word and my own. Brian De Palma has had a chequered history of commercial success within Hollywood. This of course is the best place to begin an analysis of an auteur director, as the definition of an auteur is obviously determined by the industry within which they are working. The Cahiers du cini ma writers, and their English speaking equivalents, believed that an auteur director was one that could take a standard script, star and budget, and yet still stamp a distinctive, individual style on the finished product. Due to the almost completely dominant status of Hollywood products within worldwide film criticism, and the commercially driven factory style of production employed at the time, it was not difficult for these writers to single out directors whom surpassed the production limitations of the studio system. During the days of the studio system, the production methods were so formulaic that if a film had a good script and star, then it was a surefire hit. It was up to the director to simply elaborate on the basics and incorporate their sublimity of expression into what was, most of the time, standard fare. Now things are certainly different. Due to the financer status of the major Hollywood studios, it is now difficult to grant a more distinctive director a budget due to the uncertain financial return on such a project. An auteur director, for all of their artistic integrity and filmmaking prowess, is still undoubtedly going to have a few commercial failures listed in their filmography (take Scorseses The Last Temptation of Christ or De Palmas Mission to Mars for example). De Palma is notable in that he has managed to produce many highly stylised and self-referential films within the Gangster genre stemming from his in-depth knowledge of Hollywood cinema. This knowledge, gained from his studies at New York University, has helped him to identify key elements of genre, and subsequently deconstruct the Gangster film to assist in its development. One particularly good example of this is Carlitos Way. Carlito Brigante (Al Pacino) is a character torn by the dilemma of choosing between the Gangster lifestyle and that of an ordinary citizen. The entire film is told in flashback, as a retrospective acknowledgement of the Gangsters tragic status by the Gangster himself. De Palma and Pacino masterfully portray the rise and fall of the charismatic protagonist, insinuating that the Gangster is created by society (Pacino buys a gun for self-defence, and subsequently becomes drawn deeper into the underworld) and destroyed by it, courtesy of Benny Blanco from the Bronx. Carlito is in fact very similar in nature to Shane; he is a reformist Gangster willing to settle into civilised society, but he cannot have children, maintain a relationship or find legitimate work, and his past will always come back to haunt him. Carlitos Way takes the inevitable demise of the Gangster even further than ever before. Whereas De Palmas 1983 remake of Scarface had portrayed Tony Montoya (Al Pacino) dying in a hail of self-inflicted bullets ten years earlier, Carlitos Way sees us sympathising as the protagonist is destroyed only moments from freedom. Both of these characters are flawed and are not, for the most part, operating within the confines of the law. However, no matter how illegitimate the activities of the Gangster are, De Palmas films invariably portray the society within which the Gangster is working as morally bankrupt, and indeed depict the Gangster as the only character with any real ethical or moral code. This idea of the Gangster as a morally sound and highly honourable character, despite their anti-social status, is one that has been explored regularly within the genre (particularly by another Hollywood auteur partnership, Joel and Ethan Coen in their 1990 film, Millers Crossing). This is a crucial point, as De Palmas juxtaposition of a deeply flawed capitalist ideology and the cinematic requisite of a likeable criminal protagonist has created a fertile ground for criticising American society. Therefore, for these reasons alone it seems that we have found proof positive that De Palma has been instrumental in developing and refining the Gangster genre. De Palma has certainly explored many facets of the Gangster lifestyle and their role outside of society, and has added much to the genre by way of his intricate psychological portrayal of the ethics and motives of the Gangster protagonist. If this is the case, that some directors do indeed independently deconstruct and consequently develop a genre by way of their films, then is it more useful to view auteur directors as a genre unto themselves? Perhaps the fact that a Scorsese or De Palma film is so instrumental in adding to the genres development merits analysis from an individual point of view. If we are to analyse an auteur director within this context, then we must identify what drives such a filmmaker to create such provocative and influential films. It is clear that any director with an intricate knowledge of Hollywood cinema, as well as the various theoretical frameworks used to analyse it, is going to be much better equipped to create what Christopher Frayling terms critical cinema. Should we, therefore, view an auteur director as a filmmaker creating cinema about cinema, within the confines of a certain genre? Should the films of such directors be placed under a sub-genre, or do they in fact push the genre into the next stage of its cycle? Martin Scorsese, like De Palma, has obtained an intricate knowledge of Hollywood cinema through his study of film at NYU. His talent as a filmmaker is undisputed, and perhaps this, coupled with his passion for Hollywood cinema, allows him a critical free reign. Both Scorseses and De Palmas Gangster films accurately fit Schatzs genre of order and McConnells genre cycle, within which all can be placed in the Satire Post-Modern category. Both directors are concerned with consolidating the mythology of the Gangster, mainly by depicting the Gangster as a tragic character of Macbethian proportions, and focusing on satirising the generic rules laid down by Classic directors such as Hawks and LeRoy. Thus films such as Goodfellas are certainly obeying the generic codes and conventions of the Gangster film, whilst still adding a new or deviant twist to the narrative (for example, Henry Hill suffers a fate worse then death in Goodfellas when he is condemned to the life of a shmo under the witness protection program). Films such as Raoul Walshs The Roaring Twenties (1939) and Brian Singers The Usual Suspects (1996) were both primarily concerned with establishing and satirising the mythology of the Gangster respectively. Scorsese and De Palma are certainly noteworthy as auteurs in one respect, their attempts to revitalise a genre with each new film, whilst still conforming to the constrictive nature of a well-established set of generic conventions. Both directors films are constructed of many cinematic references, for example, De Palmas use of many of Hitchcocks most recognisable imagery, or Scorseses imitation of Hawks overhead crowd shot in Scarface (1932). These directors produce self-referential and intertextual films that provoke and stimulate audiences and filmmakers alike, thereby guaranteeing the genres progression to the next stage of its cycle. Goodfellas is a fascinating and diverse film. Scorsese seems to have clearly held in his mind exactly how he wanted his Gangster to appear, and he consequently adds much to the genre by way of his portrayal of the rise and fall of real-life Gangster, Henry Hill. Henry Hill is the embodiment of the twisted, parasitic advocate of the American dream mentioned earlier. He is not a highly intelligent or courageous man, much like Tony Camonte, but proves himself willing to exploit the system at every turn, in order not to end up as just another 9 til 5 shmo. The film satirises the mythology that has built up around the Gangster persona, by emphasising the decadence and glamour of the Gangster life style through a number of distinctive characters. The protagonist, Henry Hill, narrates the film and we realise at the end of the film that he has given us a blow-by-blow account of how he came to be a Gangster by way of a courtroom confession. Throughout the film we are introduced to a number of Henrys surrogate mafia family, all of whom give us a little more insight into the psychology of the Gangster and his underworld. For example, Henrys pathologically insane mentor, Jimmy Conway (Robert De Niro), proves to us that an older Gangster must be erased from society, as the lifestyle begins to take control of its owner. Henrys accomplice Tommy De Vito (Joe Pesci) pushes the violence employed by the Gangsters to the extreme at every available opportunity, swearing and kicking his way into the role of the most psychotic Gangster ever to grace the screen. As for the rest of the family, Paulie is a Gangster stuck in his ways, an old man with a deep-rooted fear of becoming institutionalised by New York State Penitentiary until the end of his days. Henrys headstrong Jewish wife Karen, at first completely at odds with the criminal Italian-American lifestyle, becomes drawn deeper and deeper into the equation before finally resisting the sordid and unbearable lifestyle of the Witness Protection Program, ultimately a much stronger character than her husband. This surrogate family, then, serves to present an inverted microcosm of society. The Gangster values family above all else, and yet ironically is incapable of sustaining any kind of family lifestyle himself. The Gangster community lives off a society that they can never be a part of, on the fringes of civilisation as an outmoded and insecure bunch of immigrant misfits, psychopaths and outcasts. An analysis of the iconography utilised within a Scorsese film is essential to creating a full appreciation of the text, as the characterisation of these Gangsters is emphasised by their clothes, cars, guns and their dependence on these items. The Gangster seems to have literally acquired more money than sense, and Scorsese plays on this with references to their overblown demeanour, terrible gaudy taste and lack of discretion with respect to their criminal activities. However, this is counter pointed by the fact that the Gangster does not fear the law. In fact, the Gangster is above the law. The only things that the Gangster fears is loss of their excessive lifestyle and lacklustre surrogate family, two things that the Gangster cannot avoid, due to his own self-destructive nature. Thus Scorsese emphasises elements of the Gangster only alluded to by Hawks and De Palma. The Gangsters of Goodfellas are parasites unintelligent, violent and excessive characters that live only to exploit society. These characters are irredeemable, everything they touch is corrupted, even that rare commodity (and indeed a commodity they are) in the Gangster film, a good woman. Thus the Gangster is a misogynistic, materialistic degenerate, and yet still captivates the audience with his charisma. The audience can still identify with the criminal, even though they have never performed the acts depicted, because of the Gangsters caricatured status. Upon viewing of a Gangster film the audience must suspend disbelief, emphasising the illusionary and tragicomic nature of the Gangster lifestyle. Therefore it is clear that the films of films of directors such as Scorsese and De Palma are highly critical of the mythology that has developed around the Gangster hero, and so prompt the audience to re-evaluate the Gangster as a character bereft of any socially acceptable features, save for their crowd-pleasing charisma.